Psychologists who are experts in learning have gone as far as defining learning in many ways.
Anderson and Gates (1930) defined learning as a process of adaptation through which individuals acquire new ways of behavior or conforming in order that they make better adjustments to the demands of life.
According to Sogbesan (1980) he defines learning as the acquisition of new behavior patterns or strengthening or weaking of old behavior patterns for example, learning to do new things.
While in Wutherington’s opinion, he says that out of all the definitions of learning that have been proposed, there seems to be an unanimous agreement, that learning involves some kind of change in the learner and this change may be manifested as a skill, a habit, an attitude, an understanding, knowledge or appreciation.
Learning have been classified into different categories as will be seen in the following write up.
1.Simple Non-Associate Learning
In psychology, habituation is an example of non-associative learning in which there is a progressive diminution of behaviuoral response probability with repletion stimulus. An animal first responds to a stimulus, but if it is neither rewarding nor harmful the animal reduces subsequent responses. An example of this seen in small song birds-if a stuffed owl (or similar predator) is put into the cage, the bird initially reacts to it as though it were a real predator. Soon the birds reacts less, showing habituation. Sensitization is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus (Bell et al., 1995). An everyday example of this mechanism is the repeated tonic stimulation of peripheral nerves that will occur if a person rubs his arm continuously. After a while, this stimulation will create a warm sensation that will eventual;ly turn painful. The pain is the result of the progressively amplified synaptic response of the peripheral names warning the person that the stimulation is harmful. Sensitization is thought to underlie both adaptive as well as maladaptive learning processes in the organism.
2.Associative Learning
Associative learning is the process by which an element is taught through association with a separate, pre-occuring element. It is also refered to as classical conditioning. Honeybees display associative learning through the proboscis extention reflex paradigm.
3.Observation Learning
The learning process most characteristic of humans is imitation, one’s personal repetition of an observed behavior, such as a dance. Humans can copy three types of information simultaneously: the demonstrator’s goals, actions and environmental outcomes (results).
Through coping these types of information, (most) infants will tune into their surrounding culture.
Enculturation is also a form of observational learning in which a person learns the requirements of their native culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquired values and behaviours that are appropriate or necessary in that culture. The influences which as part of tus process limit, direct or shape the individual, whether eliberately or not, include parents, other adults, and peers. If successful, enculturation results in competence in the language, values and rituals of the culture.
4.Multimedia Learning
Multimedia learning is where a person uses both auditory and visual stimuli to learn information (Mayer 2001). This type of learning relies on dual-coding theory.
5.E-Learning and Augmented Learning
Electronic learning or e-learning is a general term used to refer to internet based networked computer-enhanced learning. A specific and always more diffused e-learning is mobile learning (m-learn9ng), which uses different mobile telecommunication equipment, such as cellular phones.
When a learner interacts with the e-learing environment, it’s called augmented learning. By adapting to the needs of individuals, the context driven instruction can be dynamically tailored to the learner’s natural environment. Augmented digital content may include text, images, video, audio (music and voice). By personalizing instruction, augmented learning has been shown to improve learning performance for a lifetime.
6.Rote Learning
Rote learning is a technique which avoids understanding the inner complexities and inferences of the subject that is being learned and instead focuses on memorizing the material so that it can be recalled by the learner exactly the way it was read or heard. The major practice involved in rote learning techniques is learning by repletion, based on the idea that one will be able to quickly recall the meaning of the material the more it is repeated. Rote learning is used in diverse areas, from mathematics to music to religion.
7.Informal Learning
Informal learning occurs through the experience of day-to-day situations (for example, one would learn to look ahead while walking because of the danger inherent in not paying attention to where one is going). It is learning form life, during a meal at the table with parents, play, exploring etc.
8.Formal Learning
Formal learning is learning that takes place with a teacher-student relationship, such as in a school system.
9.Nonformal Learning
Nonformal learning is organized learning outside the formal learning system. For example: learning by coming together with people with similar interests and exchanging view points, in clubs or in (international) youth organizations workshops.
Nonformal Learning and Combined Approaches
The educational system may use a combination of formal, informal, and nonformal learning methods. The UN and EU recognize these different forms of learning. In some schools students can get points that count in the formal learning systems if they get work done in informal-learning circuits. They may be given time to assist international youth workshops and training courses, on the condition they prepares contribute, share and can prove this offered valuable new insight, help to acquire new skills, a place to get experience in organizing, teaching etc.
10.Tangential Learning
Tangential learning is the process by which people will sell-educate if a topic is exposed to them in a context that they already enjoy. For example, after playing a music-based video game, some people may be motivated to learn how to play a real instrument, or after watch a Television show that references Faust and Lovecraft, some people may be inspired to read the original work.
Anderson and Gates (1930) defined learning as a process of adaptation through which individuals acquire new ways of behavior or conforming in order that they make better adjustments to the demands of life.
According to Sogbesan (1980) he defines learning as the acquisition of new behavior patterns or strengthening or weaking of old behavior patterns for example, learning to do new things.
While in Wutherington’s opinion, he says that out of all the definitions of learning that have been proposed, there seems to be an unanimous agreement, that learning involves some kind of change in the learner and this change may be manifested as a skill, a habit, an attitude, an understanding, knowledge or appreciation.
Learning have been classified into different categories as will be seen in the following write up.
1.Simple Non-Associate Learning
In psychology, habituation is an example of non-associative learning in which there is a progressive diminution of behaviuoral response probability with repletion stimulus. An animal first responds to a stimulus, but if it is neither rewarding nor harmful the animal reduces subsequent responses. An example of this seen in small song birds-if a stuffed owl (or similar predator) is put into the cage, the bird initially reacts to it as though it were a real predator. Soon the birds reacts less, showing habituation. Sensitization is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus (Bell et al., 1995). An everyday example of this mechanism is the repeated tonic stimulation of peripheral nerves that will occur if a person rubs his arm continuously. After a while, this stimulation will create a warm sensation that will eventual;ly turn painful. The pain is the result of the progressively amplified synaptic response of the peripheral names warning the person that the stimulation is harmful. Sensitization is thought to underlie both adaptive as well as maladaptive learning processes in the organism.
2.Associative Learning
Associative learning is the process by which an element is taught through association with a separate, pre-occuring element. It is also refered to as classical conditioning. Honeybees display associative learning through the proboscis extention reflex paradigm.
3.Observation Learning
The learning process most characteristic of humans is imitation, one’s personal repetition of an observed behavior, such as a dance. Humans can copy three types of information simultaneously: the demonstrator’s goals, actions and environmental outcomes (results).
Through coping these types of information, (most) infants will tune into their surrounding culture.
Enculturation is also a form of observational learning in which a person learns the requirements of their native culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquired values and behaviours that are appropriate or necessary in that culture. The influences which as part of tus process limit, direct or shape the individual, whether eliberately or not, include parents, other adults, and peers. If successful, enculturation results in competence in the language, values and rituals of the culture.
4.Multimedia Learning
Multimedia learning is where a person uses both auditory and visual stimuli to learn information (Mayer 2001). This type of learning relies on dual-coding theory.
5.E-Learning and Augmented Learning
Electronic learning or e-learning is a general term used to refer to internet based networked computer-enhanced learning. A specific and always more diffused e-learning is mobile learning (m-learn9ng), which uses different mobile telecommunication equipment, such as cellular phones.
When a learner interacts with the e-learing environment, it’s called augmented learning. By adapting to the needs of individuals, the context driven instruction can be dynamically tailored to the learner’s natural environment. Augmented digital content may include text, images, video, audio (music and voice). By personalizing instruction, augmented learning has been shown to improve learning performance for a lifetime.
6.Rote Learning
Rote learning is a technique which avoids understanding the inner complexities and inferences of the subject that is being learned and instead focuses on memorizing the material so that it can be recalled by the learner exactly the way it was read or heard. The major practice involved in rote learning techniques is learning by repletion, based on the idea that one will be able to quickly recall the meaning of the material the more it is repeated. Rote learning is used in diverse areas, from mathematics to music to religion.
7.Informal Learning
Informal learning occurs through the experience of day-to-day situations (for example, one would learn to look ahead while walking because of the danger inherent in not paying attention to where one is going). It is learning form life, during a meal at the table with parents, play, exploring etc.
8.Formal Learning
Formal learning is learning that takes place with a teacher-student relationship, such as in a school system.
9.Nonformal Learning
Nonformal learning is organized learning outside the formal learning system. For example: learning by coming together with people with similar interests and exchanging view points, in clubs or in (international) youth organizations workshops.
Nonformal Learning and Combined Approaches
The educational system may use a combination of formal, informal, and nonformal learning methods. The UN and EU recognize these different forms of learning. In some schools students can get points that count in the formal learning systems if they get work done in informal-learning circuits. They may be given time to assist international youth workshops and training courses, on the condition they prepares contribute, share and can prove this offered valuable new insight, help to acquire new skills, a place to get experience in organizing, teaching etc.
10.Tangential Learning
Tangential learning is the process by which people will sell-educate if a topic is exposed to them in a context that they already enjoy. For example, after playing a music-based video game, some people may be motivated to learn how to play a real instrument, or after watch a Television show that references Faust and Lovecraft, some people may be inspired to read the original work.
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