motivation
Looking At The Word "Motivation"
Historically, the word, “Motivation” comes from the Latin root, “movers” which means to move.
Thus, we can say that in its literal meaning, motivation is the process of arousing movement in the organism.
The movement is produced and regulated through the release of energy within the tissue.
Basically, various definitions have been given to the term motivation. Infact, various writers from all fields of life have given different definitions of the word, motivation similarly, in the words of Chauhan (2002), it was emphasized that tremendous research has been done on psychology of motivation in the last four decades all in a bid to explain human behavior.
According to Bernard (2000), motivation regards to all those phenomenon which are involved in the stimulation of action towards particular objectives where previously there was little or no movement towards those goals.
The implication of this definition is that motivation is seen as a phenonmeon that push human being towards achieving a goal .
Atkinson (974), defined motivation as the aroused of tendency to act to produced one or more effects. Thus, motivation is viewed as srousing interest or tendency to act in a way to bring about one or more effects which are always positive effects.
In the words of Hebb (2001) the term motivation refers to the existence of an organized phase sequence (ii) to its direction and content (iii) to its persistence in given direction or stability of content.
Maslow (1943), however, has advanced the theory of hierarchy of needs ranging from basic physiological needs to self-actualization to explain the concept of motivation.
According to him, motivation is constant, never ending, fluctuating and complex and that it is an almost universal characteristic of particularly eerie state of organic.
Consequently, therefore, in as much as the need of a person is not met, Maslow concluded that motivation cannot take place. Invariably, motivation is seen as a phenomenon that takes place when human needs are met.
Olajide and Gbadesere (1992), explaining the concept of motivation states that, “motivation is the arousal of interest or action towards the achievement of a goal,” it is a factor which incite or makes us to believe in a particular way. Consequently, motivation is the “why”? or the underlying reason for our behavour because most of our behavior or action is guided by a motive, desire or wish. Thus, or ambitions, love, wants, aspiration, needs and other inconveniences all have motivational effects.
In a state of complacency, when most of our obvious pressing needs apparently appear to have been satisfied, a psychological state of equilibrium is achieved and motivation to be at a very low ebb often resulting in activity. This is rarely so n man because human needs and wants are inexhaustible, one is always, motivated towards a new goal when an old goal is achieved. Also , because we all have different needs at any point in time, the nature influencing our participation in an activity may range from economic reasons, personal interest, ambition, academic competence or the desire to succeed but obviously stemming from one form of inconvenience to the other.
Therefore, it can be deduced that the nature of an individual from his actions can be determined through his behavours, although the motives from participating in the same activity may often vary. For instance, students go to school obviously to learn but many have different motives. Some are in school because of a genuine desire to learn some to make new friends, some to get certificate and some because of the need for a good job or probably to comply with parent’s directives. When we can then predict the behavior to expect from the persons for instance, the person who is in school because of a genuine desire to learn will probably be more studious than the person who want new friends. By this example, we can deduce that motivation is not a haphazard affairs, individual’s behavour follow a systematic stage by sage predictable pattern.
Starting from a state of Psychological imbalance, Olajide and Gbadesere (1992), emphasized that the individual becomes dissatisfied and disequibrated thus, leading to a state or chain reactions or inner drive which is manifested in patterned behavior that will lead to a reduction of the need or restoration of psychological balance and complacency.
Okoye (1983) noted that the individual just has a feeling that he lacks something in his life, this is not enough to motivate. If the individual’s environment offers opportunity for achieving what he lacks, then the feelings change to actual need.
The stage of need is more than ordinary feeling. The next stage is that of urge, when the individual becomes aware of existing facilities in his environment for reducing his needs. This awareness heightens his feelings to the compulsive stage of urge, this is followed by the stage of drive which is like a compelling state in which the individual exhibits a pull of push types of behavour. When the drive pull us towards an attractive goal it is called an approach drive or audient drive, if however, the drive pushes us away from an unattractive or dreaded goal, it is called avoidance drive. It should however be noted that this drive is generated in the individual by the motivational object.
Also, the individual is aware of the possibility of achieving the goal and thus becomes tensed,.
The stage of tension creates a powerful desire which makes the individual burst into action, this stage of activities induced by tension is sustained by emotions generated by the autonomous nervous system. This helps in maintaining the enthusiasm of the individual this bubbling energy which may lead to excessive motivational activities is however controlled by the mechanism. ‘
Thus, the stage of mechanism is therefore responsible for channeling the individual’s energy into socially acceptable activities. This leads to the stage of activities that facilitates the achievement of goals. The behavior is directed by the rules and norms of the society, thus alterative forms of behviour that will not lead to the gola or behavoiur that is no socially acceptable will be rejected or eliminated. The purposive behavoiur that is finally chosen will rightly lead to the stage of end result and goal achievement, the inconvenience is removed and equilibrium is reinstated. From this elaborated description,Olajide and Gbadesere observed that it is obvious that motivation involve arousing action, sustaining the action, regulating our goal or desire. Thus, it is therefore,the force emanating from our biological social or psychological need that move us either reluctantly or eagerly into action. Consequently, it was concluded that motivation is characterized by physical social and moral and emotional needs which activate or stimulate some specific individual bhaviour towards desired goals.
The achievement of the desired goal restores psychological balance and complancing in the individual. This complacent state is however, short – lived because the individual’s attention is shifted to another need soon after he is pacified.
Motivation, according to Chaughan (2002) is a very complex phenomenon, which is influenced by multiple variables operating within the organism and in the environment.
In fact, it must be stated that these variables are important in the study of motivation. Among the various factors / variables which infunce motivation as highlighted by Chaughan includes:
The physiological system of the organism a number of physiological factors are involved in motivation, some of which have been examined by Olaide and Gbadesere (1992).
The second mportant factor is emotion which is sometimes called motivating condition. There is no death of instances when people sacrificed their live for the sake of their mother land. Emotional state acts as drives and they can reinforce motive in progress. Emotion increase our desire to do something.
The third factor that works as motivator is habit. All habits do not work as motivator., only those habit s which instigate and regulate actions in a dynmic sense may be termed as motivator.
The fourth variable, which is close involved in the process of motivation is mental sets, values and attitudes of the individuals which influence the motivational process.
In addition to the above, the environment factors and incentives play an important role in the process of motivation.
Thus, we can say that in its literal meaning, motivation is the process of arousing movement in the organism.
The movement is produced and regulated through the release of energy within the tissue.
Basically, various definitions have been given to the term motivation. Infact, various writers from all fields of life have given different definitions of the word, motivation similarly, in the words of Chauhan (2002), it was emphasized that tremendous research has been done on psychology of motivation in the last four decades all in a bid to explain human behavior.
According to Bernard (2000), motivation regards to all those phenomenon which are involved in the stimulation of action towards particular objectives where previously there was little or no movement towards those goals.
The implication of this definition is that motivation is seen as a phenonmeon that push human being towards achieving a goal .
Atkinson (974), defined motivation as the aroused of tendency to act to produced one or more effects. Thus, motivation is viewed as srousing interest or tendency to act in a way to bring about one or more effects which are always positive effects.
In the words of Hebb (2001) the term motivation refers to the existence of an organized phase sequence (ii) to its direction and content (iii) to its persistence in given direction or stability of content.
Maslow (1943), however, has advanced the theory of hierarchy of needs ranging from basic physiological needs to self-actualization to explain the concept of motivation.
According to him, motivation is constant, never ending, fluctuating and complex and that it is an almost universal characteristic of particularly eerie state of organic.
Consequently, therefore, in as much as the need of a person is not met, Maslow concluded that motivation cannot take place. Invariably, motivation is seen as a phenomenon that takes place when human needs are met.
Olajide and Gbadesere (1992), explaining the concept of motivation states that, “motivation is the arousal of interest or action towards the achievement of a goal,” it is a factor which incite or makes us to believe in a particular way. Consequently, motivation is the “why”? or the underlying reason for our behavour because most of our behavior or action is guided by a motive, desire or wish. Thus, or ambitions, love, wants, aspiration, needs and other inconveniences all have motivational effects.
In a state of complacency, when most of our obvious pressing needs apparently appear to have been satisfied, a psychological state of equilibrium is achieved and motivation to be at a very low ebb often resulting in activity. This is rarely so n man because human needs and wants are inexhaustible, one is always, motivated towards a new goal when an old goal is achieved. Also , because we all have different needs at any point in time, the nature influencing our participation in an activity may range from economic reasons, personal interest, ambition, academic competence or the desire to succeed but obviously stemming from one form of inconvenience to the other.
Therefore, it can be deduced that the nature of an individual from his actions can be determined through his behavours, although the motives from participating in the same activity may often vary. For instance, students go to school obviously to learn but many have different motives. Some are in school because of a genuine desire to learn some to make new friends, some to get certificate and some because of the need for a good job or probably to comply with parent’s directives. When we can then predict the behavior to expect from the persons for instance, the person who is in school because of a genuine desire to learn will probably be more studious than the person who want new friends. By this example, we can deduce that motivation is not a haphazard affairs, individual’s behavour follow a systematic stage by sage predictable pattern.
Starting from a state of Psychological imbalance, Olajide and Gbadesere (1992), emphasized that the individual becomes dissatisfied and disequibrated thus, leading to a state or chain reactions or inner drive which is manifested in patterned behavior that will lead to a reduction of the need or restoration of psychological balance and complacency.
Okoye (1983) noted that the individual just has a feeling that he lacks something in his life, this is not enough to motivate. If the individual’s environment offers opportunity for achieving what he lacks, then the feelings change to actual need.
The stage of need is more than ordinary feeling. The next stage is that of urge, when the individual becomes aware of existing facilities in his environment for reducing his needs. This awareness heightens his feelings to the compulsive stage of urge, this is followed by the stage of drive which is like a compelling state in which the individual exhibits a pull of push types of behavour. When the drive pull us towards an attractive goal it is called an approach drive or audient drive, if however, the drive pushes us away from an unattractive or dreaded goal, it is called avoidance drive. It should however be noted that this drive is generated in the individual by the motivational object.
Also, the individual is aware of the possibility of achieving the goal and thus becomes tensed,.
The stage of tension creates a powerful desire which makes the individual burst into action, this stage of activities induced by tension is sustained by emotions generated by the autonomous nervous system. This helps in maintaining the enthusiasm of the individual this bubbling energy which may lead to excessive motivational activities is however controlled by the mechanism. ‘
Thus, the stage of mechanism is therefore responsible for channeling the individual’s energy into socially acceptable activities. This leads to the stage of activities that facilitates the achievement of goals. The behavior is directed by the rules and norms of the society, thus alterative forms of behviour that will not lead to the gola or behavoiur that is no socially acceptable will be rejected or eliminated. The purposive behavoiur that is finally chosen will rightly lead to the stage of end result and goal achievement, the inconvenience is removed and equilibrium is reinstated. From this elaborated description,Olajide and Gbadesere observed that it is obvious that motivation involve arousing action, sustaining the action, regulating our goal or desire. Thus, it is therefore,the force emanating from our biological social or psychological need that move us either reluctantly or eagerly into action. Consequently, it was concluded that motivation is characterized by physical social and moral and emotional needs which activate or stimulate some specific individual bhaviour towards desired goals.
The achievement of the desired goal restores psychological balance and complancing in the individual. This complacent state is however, short – lived because the individual’s attention is shifted to another need soon after he is pacified.
Motivation, according to Chaughan (2002) is a very complex phenomenon, which is influenced by multiple variables operating within the organism and in the environment.
In fact, it must be stated that these variables are important in the study of motivation. Among the various factors / variables which infunce motivation as highlighted by Chaughan includes:
The physiological system of the organism a number of physiological factors are involved in motivation, some of which have been examined by Olaide and Gbadesere (1992).
The second mportant factor is emotion which is sometimes called motivating condition. There is no death of instances when people sacrificed their live for the sake of their mother land. Emotional state acts as drives and they can reinforce motive in progress. Emotion increase our desire to do something.
The third factor that works as motivator is habit. All habits do not work as motivator., only those habit s which instigate and regulate actions in a dynmic sense may be termed as motivator.
The fourth variable, which is close involved in the process of motivation is mental sets, values and attitudes of the individuals which influence the motivational process.
In addition to the above, the environment factors and incentives play an important role in the process of motivation.
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