motivation
Various Motivational Theories
It is very important to examine the various theories or motivation as propounded by psychologists in explaining human behviour after our last topic. To this end, the following psychological view - point on the development and processes of motivation shall be examined as put forward by OLajie and Gbadesere (1992), they include;
- Hedonistic Theory of Motivation
- Hullin theory of motivation
- Freud’s theory of motivation
- Adlor’a theory of motivation
- Homeostatic theory of motivation
- Cognitive theory of motivation
- Need theory o motivation
Hedonistic Theory of Motivation
This theory of motivation explain s the fact that human behavior has to do with avoidance of pain implies that we ae motivated to increase participating in please giving activities and motivated to stop or avoid pain giving experience. It is a fact that nobody want to experience painful circumstance, but at times the situation warrant such circumstances. The notion is however not always true because some people have known to go for experience that give them pain for personal reasons or to demonstrate self control. For instance, people have tolerated the pangs of hunger during fasting and even death as in myth for religious or political reasons. Also a student may skip his meals to complete his assignment or swallow some bitter medicaments to aid the relief of ailment. The implication of this theory of motivation is not far-fetched.
Although, people in as much as possible tries to avoid painful circumstance but however, the case maybe some people still induces / allows painful circumstance. However the hedonistic theory of motivation thus put it forward that individuals should increase motivation on activities they gain pleasure from and motivated to avoid painful experience.
Hullian Theory of motivation
When an `individual is in a state of need, a specific behavour is generated that will lead to a reduction of the need. The propounder of this theory, Hill (1943), emphasized that determinants of motivation are more of physical variables than any other factor.
He also argued that motivational behavior are closely associated with the survival instinct of the individual.
Apart from this instinctual or innate behviour some survival behavior are also learned which enable the individual to cope with the hazards of his environment.
The implication therefore, is that the ways of expatiating motivational drive also have some habit from dimensions on individuals.
To this end, Hull (1943), therefore observed that human beings are impelled towards the exhibition of either an in born or a learned behavior that reduces the force of drive.
He therefore concluded that even then, acquired an inborn behavior cannot account for all forms of human motivation as the environment also plays an important part.
Freud’s theory of motivation
Sigmud Freud observed that some basic instinct drive us to seek immediate gratificaction, in other words, some of our instincts elicit some specific behavioural patterns from us. His pleasure giving principle shows that the withdrawal of a convenience, motivates people to exhibit some specific behaviour that will lead to the restoration of the inconvenience.
The idea is that we are born with some basic instincts which always need immediate gratification so that we can survive. He also emphasized the role of erratic and libidinous desires in determining motivation at different stages of human development. He identified the oral stage and the phallic stage n children.
Consequently, from the motivational point of view, the need to satisfy our biological urge heightens the libinous energy which becomes a motivational drive in the individual.
Hence, by this the individual is motivated to express the specific behaiour that will bring relief.
Homeostatic theory of motivation
This theory explains the fact that maturation as a function of compensatory behavioural adjustment rooted in homeostasis, that is, a reactive mechanism by which a disequilibrated organism regain its complacency. Similarly, this theory attempts to explain how motivation occurs by trying to trace it to a behavior that will counter the cause of disequilibrium. It should be noted that the state of disequilibrium. It should be noted that the state of disequilibrium is discomforting and inconveniencing. Hence, the organic engages in an adjustment behavoiur geared towards compensating for this deprivation, these adjustment behaviors meant to reinstate equilibrium is what constitute homeostatic, which forms the force that sets motivation in motion.
Cognitive theory of motivation
Motivation is produced by the cognitive process associated with perceiving, thinking, evaluating and making rational decisions.
The process of thinking lead to certain behavior due to motivational drive resulting from the cognitive process. For instance, a person’s thought or expectations are one in dissonance with the society’s rule and regulations, the resulting conflicts will lead to a psychological incongruent, leading to a motivatoal behavior that will restore cognitive consonance. Also, it should be noted that a single goal may have different attractive effect on different people due to their perceptual view point. If an individual attaches much importance to a goal or an incentive, the arousal value will be high and its motivational effect will be significant.
Carrot and stick hypotheses
This hypothesis according to Olajide and Gbadesere (1992) asserts that the main incentive for working is financial gratification and reward.
It argues that a horse can be motivated to work either by dangling the carrot before him or beating him with a stick if it refuses to work,. This explains why financial gratification has a powerful effect on the level of productivity of workers and why the possibility of suspension or terminatin of appointment keeps some people from lazy to work and are thud maturated to hard work.
NEED THEORY OF MOTIVATION
In this theory, Abraham Maslow argues that a deficit situation leads eventually to an inner drive geared towards making up for the deficit through self – actualization growth of the individual in the process of creative development.
Maslow (1943), maintained that this creative development process play a great role than the deficit aspect. This is because motivational behavour associated with individuals effort to improve on his achievement has nothing to do with the individual perception of his lack. These efforts at improving an achievement is designed to achieve self – fulfillment.
In fulfilling oneself, the individual experiences vaous hierarchies of need that must be satisfied in order to achieve self actualization.
Biehlor (1981) noted that Maslow identified these needs are physiological or biological needs, need for safety and security, need for affection, love and belongingness, esteem, needs, need for self actualization, desire to know and understand and aesthetic needs.
It should be noted that these need are arranged in hierarchical order. The physiological or biological needs which is the most primary, h as to be satisfied before the next higher needs can get adequate attention and so on up the hierarchy.
- Hedonistic Theory of Motivation
- Hullin theory of motivation
- Freud’s theory of motivation
- Adlor’a theory of motivation
- Homeostatic theory of motivation
- Cognitive theory of motivation
- Need theory o motivation
Hedonistic Theory of Motivation
This theory of motivation explain s the fact that human behavior has to do with avoidance of pain implies that we ae motivated to increase participating in please giving activities and motivated to stop or avoid pain giving experience. It is a fact that nobody want to experience painful circumstance, but at times the situation warrant such circumstances. The notion is however not always true because some people have known to go for experience that give them pain for personal reasons or to demonstrate self control. For instance, people have tolerated the pangs of hunger during fasting and even death as in myth for religious or political reasons. Also a student may skip his meals to complete his assignment or swallow some bitter medicaments to aid the relief of ailment. The implication of this theory of motivation is not far-fetched.
Although, people in as much as possible tries to avoid painful circumstance but however, the case maybe some people still induces / allows painful circumstance. However the hedonistic theory of motivation thus put it forward that individuals should increase motivation on activities they gain pleasure from and motivated to avoid painful experience.
Hullian Theory of motivation
When an `individual is in a state of need, a specific behavour is generated that will lead to a reduction of the need. The propounder of this theory, Hill (1943), emphasized that determinants of motivation are more of physical variables than any other factor.
He also argued that motivational behavior are closely associated with the survival instinct of the individual.
Apart from this instinctual or innate behviour some survival behavior are also learned which enable the individual to cope with the hazards of his environment.
The implication therefore, is that the ways of expatiating motivational drive also have some habit from dimensions on individuals.
To this end, Hull (1943), therefore observed that human beings are impelled towards the exhibition of either an in born or a learned behavior that reduces the force of drive.
He therefore concluded that even then, acquired an inborn behavior cannot account for all forms of human motivation as the environment also plays an important part.
Freud’s theory of motivation
Sigmud Freud observed that some basic instinct drive us to seek immediate gratificaction, in other words, some of our instincts elicit some specific behavioural patterns from us. His pleasure giving principle shows that the withdrawal of a convenience, motivates people to exhibit some specific behaviour that will lead to the restoration of the inconvenience.
The idea is that we are born with some basic instincts which always need immediate gratification so that we can survive. He also emphasized the role of erratic and libidinous desires in determining motivation at different stages of human development. He identified the oral stage and the phallic stage n children.
Consequently, from the motivational point of view, the need to satisfy our biological urge heightens the libinous energy which becomes a motivational drive in the individual.
Hence, by this the individual is motivated to express the specific behaiour that will bring relief.
Homeostatic theory of motivation
This theory explains the fact that maturation as a function of compensatory behavioural adjustment rooted in homeostasis, that is, a reactive mechanism by which a disequilibrated organism regain its complacency. Similarly, this theory attempts to explain how motivation occurs by trying to trace it to a behavior that will counter the cause of disequilibrium. It should be noted that the state of disequilibrium. It should be noted that the state of disequilibrium is discomforting and inconveniencing. Hence, the organic engages in an adjustment behavoiur geared towards compensating for this deprivation, these adjustment behaviors meant to reinstate equilibrium is what constitute homeostatic, which forms the force that sets motivation in motion.
Cognitive theory of motivation
Motivation is produced by the cognitive process associated with perceiving, thinking, evaluating and making rational decisions.
The process of thinking lead to certain behavior due to motivational drive resulting from the cognitive process. For instance, a person’s thought or expectations are one in dissonance with the society’s rule and regulations, the resulting conflicts will lead to a psychological incongruent, leading to a motivatoal behavior that will restore cognitive consonance. Also, it should be noted that a single goal may have different attractive effect on different people due to their perceptual view point. If an individual attaches much importance to a goal or an incentive, the arousal value will be high and its motivational effect will be significant.
Carrot and stick hypotheses
This hypothesis according to Olajide and Gbadesere (1992) asserts that the main incentive for working is financial gratification and reward.
It argues that a horse can be motivated to work either by dangling the carrot before him or beating him with a stick if it refuses to work,. This explains why financial gratification has a powerful effect on the level of productivity of workers and why the possibility of suspension or terminatin of appointment keeps some people from lazy to work and are thud maturated to hard work.
NEED THEORY OF MOTIVATION
In this theory, Abraham Maslow argues that a deficit situation leads eventually to an inner drive geared towards making up for the deficit through self – actualization growth of the individual in the process of creative development.
Maslow (1943), maintained that this creative development process play a great role than the deficit aspect. This is because motivational behavour associated with individuals effort to improve on his achievement has nothing to do with the individual perception of his lack. These efforts at improving an achievement is designed to achieve self – fulfillment.
In fulfilling oneself, the individual experiences vaous hierarchies of need that must be satisfied in order to achieve self actualization.
Biehlor (1981) noted that Maslow identified these needs are physiological or biological needs, need for safety and security, need for affection, love and belongingness, esteem, needs, need for self actualization, desire to know and understand and aesthetic needs.
It should be noted that these need are arranged in hierarchical order. The physiological or biological needs which is the most primary, h as to be satisfied before the next higher needs can get adequate attention and so on up the hierarchy.
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