interference
Factors Affecting The Effective Learning Of Oral English Interference
In a learned language, interference means a negative effect. It is erroneously believed that mother tongue is the language that one comes in contact with in life.
According to Afolayan (2009) mother tongue is a language in which a person has the greatest linguistic facility, the user of a mother tongue identifies his native culture in the learning language which maybe regarded as foreign language interference comes up as a result of inconsistencies in the target language itself.
ORTHOGRAPHIC IN-CONSISTENCE
The English orthography is not consistent; a sound in the language may be realized by different spelling Examples:
(a) /G/
Spelt "t" as in additional correction Spelt "ss" as in mission, passion
Spelt "sh" as in shake, she.
Spelt "sc" as in schedule, conscious
Spelt "s" as in Asian
Spelt "ch" as in machine
(b) /F/
Spelt "f' as in fact, frame
Spelt "ff' as in off, offend
Spelt "gh" as in cough, laugh
Spelt "ph" as in physics
(a) and (b) are example of how individual phonemic sounds assume different spellings in English words the next examples is the reverse of.
Examples (a) and (b) because it is the instance of how a single alphabet in English is pronounced differently in many different words in the language.
(c) “S”
Pronounced /s/ as in search, Cuts, Seize
Pronounced /C/ as In Asian
Pronounced /z/ as in dogs, girls
Pronounced /3/ as in Measure, Treasure
(d) Some letter is even silent in some English words. Example "b" is silent in Comb, Bomb, and "gh" is silent in daughter. All these may result into linguistic interferences.
Inter Lingual Interference
This comes about as a result of differences in the linguistics system of two Languages in contact. There would be interlingual interference at all level of language analysis i.e. at all level of phonology lexis, syntax and even semantics, most examples of interference will be taken from English/Yoruba language. According to Weinreich (2006) at the phonemic level of interference four basic types can be discerned thus:
i. Under - Differentiation
ii. Over - Differentiation:
iii. Re - Interpretation of Phoneme
iv. Actual Phone Substitution .
Under - Differentiation:
Is a case where two or more sounds whose counterparts are not distinguished in the primary system are confused. In the English consonant sound, there are the voiceless palato alveolar fricative /G/ as well as the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.These two sound of English are distinct sounds in the language. They could therefore form minimal pairs in English as we have in "ship" "sip", "she", "see"
In some dialects of Yoruba however e.g (Ogbomoso) there is the absence of the voiceless palato alveolar fricative /G/. The ogbomoso learner or even speaker of English may therefore have a problem differentiating between the two consonant sound /s/ and /G/in English.
i. Under - Differentiating may often involve more than two sounds in a language. The Yoruba learner of the English language for instance may under - differentiate up to four English vowels, most Yoruba speakers of English collapse the English vowel /3:/, /a/, /D/ and /^/ into one Yoruba vowel /O/.
This is illustrated in the example below
/wod/ Instead of the RP /w3: d/ for ward
/wod/ Instead of the RP /w:): d / for ward
/bon/ Instead of the RP /b:) : n / for born
/bon/ Instead of the RP /b3: d/ for cod
/kod/ Instead of the RP /kc: d / for cord
/bot/ Instead of the RP / b : t/ for but
/bot/ Instead of the RP / b:): t/ for bought
Thus, he does not distinguish minimal pairs in the language
ii. Over- Differentiation: is a situation where a speaker of language interprets a single phoneme as: two or more separate phoneme in a second language. In other words, he will pronounce a single phoneme in many different ways.
This point will be illustrated with English shuwa sound /a/ which the Yoruba speaker of English substitutes with the Yoruba vowel sounds: /a /, /o/,/I/,/e/,/u/ and /o/.
Examples are given below.
/ 2fod/ Instead of a RP /afo: d/ for Afford
/ Koroson/Instead of a RP / / for Corruption
/matimatiks/ Instead of a RP/ / for Mathematics
/ Litretso/ Instead of a RP / / for literature
/control/ Instead of a RP - / / for control
It could be said from all examples that the replacement of the / / sound in English by Yoruba vowel sounds is highly unpredictable
iii. Re- Interpretation of a phoneme is a case where the speaker of language "A" gives a sound in language "B" a different interpretation from that, in the language. For examples, aspiration is a marker distinct phoneme in Hindi. The Hindi speaker may therefore realize the aspiration and unaspirated stop as different and distinct phoneme in English.
iv. Actual Phoneme Substitution, as the name implies simply means substituting a phoneme in language "A" for another in language "B" The English language for instance has the voiceless dental fricative /O / which is absent in the Yoruba language. For this sound, therefore, the Yoruba speaker of English simply Substitutes, the voiceless alveolar plosive /t/, thus. The English word theme and thought are realized as /Tim/ and not /tot/ respectively. It is important to note that the interference of any of the four kinds discussed above can result into the obstruction meaning.
According to Afolayan (2009) mother tongue is a language in which a person has the greatest linguistic facility, the user of a mother tongue identifies his native culture in the learning language which maybe regarded as foreign language interference comes up as a result of inconsistencies in the target language itself.
ORTHOGRAPHIC IN-CONSISTENCE
The English orthography is not consistent; a sound in the language may be realized by different spelling Examples:
(a) /G/
Spelt "t" as in additional correction Spelt "ss" as in mission, passion
Spelt "sh" as in shake, she.
Spelt "sc" as in schedule, conscious
Spelt "s" as in Asian
Spelt "ch" as in machine
(b) /F/
Spelt "f' as in fact, frame
Spelt "ff' as in off, offend
Spelt "gh" as in cough, laugh
Spelt "ph" as in physics
(a) and (b) are example of how individual phonemic sounds assume different spellings in English words the next examples is the reverse of.
Examples (a) and (b) because it is the instance of how a single alphabet in English is pronounced differently in many different words in the language.
(c) “S”
Pronounced /s/ as in search, Cuts, Seize
Pronounced /C/ as In Asian
Pronounced /z/ as in dogs, girls
Pronounced /3/ as in Measure, Treasure
(d) Some letter is even silent in some English words. Example "b" is silent in Comb, Bomb, and "gh" is silent in daughter. All these may result into linguistic interferences.
Inter Lingual Interference
This comes about as a result of differences in the linguistics system of two Languages in contact. There would be interlingual interference at all level of language analysis i.e. at all level of phonology lexis, syntax and even semantics, most examples of interference will be taken from English/Yoruba language. According to Weinreich (2006) at the phonemic level of interference four basic types can be discerned thus:
i. Under - Differentiation
ii. Over - Differentiation:
iii. Re - Interpretation of Phoneme
iv. Actual Phone Substitution .
Under - Differentiation:
Is a case where two or more sounds whose counterparts are not distinguished in the primary system are confused. In the English consonant sound, there are the voiceless palato alveolar fricative /G/ as well as the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.These two sound of English are distinct sounds in the language. They could therefore form minimal pairs in English as we have in "ship" "sip", "she", "see"
In some dialects of Yoruba however e.g (Ogbomoso) there is the absence of the voiceless palato alveolar fricative /G/. The ogbomoso learner or even speaker of English may therefore have a problem differentiating between the two consonant sound /s/ and /G/in English.
i. Under - Differentiating may often involve more than two sounds in a language. The Yoruba learner of the English language for instance may under - differentiate up to four English vowels, most Yoruba speakers of English collapse the English vowel /3:/, /a/, /D/ and /^/ into one Yoruba vowel /O/.
This is illustrated in the example below
/wod/ Instead of the RP /w3: d/ for ward
/wod/ Instead of the RP /w:): d / for ward
/bon/ Instead of the RP /b:) : n / for born
/bon/ Instead of the RP /b3: d/ for cod
/kod/ Instead of the RP /kc: d / for cord
/bot/ Instead of the RP / b : t/ for but
/bot/ Instead of the RP / b:): t/ for bought
Thus, he does not distinguish minimal pairs in the language
ii. Over- Differentiation: is a situation where a speaker of language interprets a single phoneme as: two or more separate phoneme in a second language. In other words, he will pronounce a single phoneme in many different ways.
This point will be illustrated with English shuwa sound /a/ which the Yoruba speaker of English substitutes with the Yoruba vowel sounds: /a /, /o/,/I/,/e/,/u/ and /o/.
Examples are given below.
/ 2fod/ Instead of a RP /afo: d/ for Afford
/ Koroson/Instead of a RP / / for Corruption
/matimatiks/ Instead of a RP/ / for Mathematics
/ Litretso/ Instead of a RP / / for literature
/control/ Instead of a RP - / / for control
It could be said from all examples that the replacement of the / / sound in English by Yoruba vowel sounds is highly unpredictable
iii. Re- Interpretation of a phoneme is a case where the speaker of language "A" gives a sound in language "B" a different interpretation from that, in the language. For examples, aspiration is a marker distinct phoneme in Hindi. The Hindi speaker may therefore realize the aspiration and unaspirated stop as different and distinct phoneme in English.
iv. Actual Phoneme Substitution, as the name implies simply means substituting a phoneme in language "A" for another in language "B" The English language for instance has the voiceless dental fricative /O / which is absent in the Yoruba language. For this sound, therefore, the Yoruba speaker of English simply Substitutes, the voiceless alveolar plosive /t/, thus. The English word theme and thought are realized as /Tim/ and not /tot/ respectively. It is important to note that the interference of any of the four kinds discussed above can result into the obstruction meaning.
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